THE RULEBOOK

Regulator

What the grid is actually held to — the limits from NESO's Frequency Risk & Control Report (FRCR) and the Security & Quality of Supply Standard (SQSS) — and, alongside each, the engineering basis TSGB argues should sit beside them.

Where the grid is right now

live
Frequency
Hz
statutory 49.5–50.5
System inertia
GVA·s
FRCR floor ~102
Largest credible loss
MW
secured “basis” 1,800
RoCoF if LCC trips
Hz/s
honest 0.125 · relaxed 0.5

Frequency

Nominal 50.0 Hz. NESO holds a tight operational band in normal running; the statutory band is the licence obligation; below the LFDD line, load is automatically shed.

LFDD
48.8
breach
49.5
low op
49.8
nominal
50.0
high op
50.2
breach
50.5
Statutory limits49.5 – 50.5 HzSQSS / licence
Operational band49.8 – 50.2 HzNESO operational
Low-frequency demand disconnection (LFDD)48.8 HzESQCR — load shedding begins
Containment floor49.5 HzFRCR design event

Rate of change of frequency (RoCoF)

How fast frequency falls after a loss — set by the largest loss divided by the system's inertia. The protection setting the grid was originally coordinated to has been progressively relaxed as inertia fell.

Historic protection coordination0.125 Hz/sLoM relays — the honest limit
FRCR design (relaxed)0.5 Hz/sused to justify the 102 GVA·s floor
Maximum credible (further relaxed)1.0 Hz/san eight-fold move from 0.125

Largest infeed loss

The single biggest infeed the system secures against. The SQSS figures were sized in the thermal era; TSGB argues the credible loss is better read as the largest group that can trip on a common mode — a shared converter, landfall or route.

Normal infeed loss1,000 MWSQSS — secured continuously
Infrequent infeed loss1,320 MWSQSS
Largest secured loss1,800 MWFRCR / SQSS — the largest secured single loss
Conservative common-mode floor2,400 MWTSGB — Dogger Bank A+B at Creyke Beck

The live dial tracks the largest common-mode infeed at risk right now from the interconnector clusters and the largest single unit — see it move against these lines.

System inertia

The stored rotational energy that resists frequency change. The FRCR floor pairs the 1,800 MW secured loss with the 0.5 Hz/s RoCoF setting. TSGB argues for pairing a larger common-mode loss with the original 0.125 Hz/s coordination — which lifts the floor well above today's.

Four-second ride-through floor450 GVA·sTSGB — human-response ride-through basis
2025 system average~155 GVA·sobserved
FRCR floor~102 GVA·s1,800 MW @ 0.5 Hz/s — breached 4 days, June 2026
Lowest observed (2026)81 GVA·s17 June 2026, ~10:30 — a fifth below the floor

Purchased time

Seconds of ride-through before frequency reaches the 49.2 Hz working set-point after a large common-mode infeed loss, at each inertia level. The human-response standard is 3–5 s; TSGB adopts 4 s. Below the FRCR floor there is under a second.

720
6.4 s
450
4.0 s
360
3.2 s
155
1.4 s
102
0.9 s
81
0.7 s
50
0.45 s

GVA·s → seconds. Green = meets the 4-second floor; red = below the FRCR floor.

The events the standard is graded against

9 Aug 2019 — Hornsea One + Little Barford~1,400 MWnadir 48.787 Hz · ~1M customers shed
22 Dec 2023 — IFA + Cottam1,345 MWgraded marginal

Standards: NESO's Frequency Risk & Control Report 2024 — the operative edition, as FRCR 2025 was not approved and FRCR 2026 suspended (see the FRCR timeline) — and the NETS Security & Quality of Supply Standard. TSGB-basis figures are TSGB analysis. Always verify against the primary documents for operational use.